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質問 # 69
You are asked to see a 30-year-old woman, gravida 8, para 4, aborta 1, for symptoms of postpartum depression. She immigrated to Canada 8 months ago. She has been reluctant to speak to members of the medical team without her family members, even when an interpreter is present. Which one of the following is the best next step?
正解:C
解説:
In cross-cultural care, especially for recent immigrants, it is essential to build rapport and respect patient preferences regarding family involvement. Involving family in the interview respects cultural norms and improves trust. A trained interpreter should be used to maintain confidentiality and accuracy, but collaboration with the family initially may encourage later private disclosure.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Ethics and Communication, "Cultural Competence":
"When encountering language or cultural barriers, patient comfort and cultural context must be respected.
Interviewing the patient and family together may facilitate trust, after which individual conversations may be possible." MCCQE1 Objectives (ELOM > 90-1: Communication and Patient-Centered Care):
"Candidates must approach patients in a culturally sensitive manner, particularly recent immigrants or those with language barriers, and foster trust." Insisting on a private interview (A) may alienate the patient. Family members should not act as interpreters (C). Written accounts (D) are inefficient and impersonal in acute mental health settings.
質問 # 70
An 80-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department with dizziness. She has a medical history of coronary artery disease. On examination, she is alert and oriented. Her vital signs are as follows:
Her electrocardiogram is shown in the image.
Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Blood pressure
80/60 mm Hg
Heart rate
40/min
Respiratory rate
12/min
Her electrocardiogram is shown in the attached image. Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
正解:A
解説:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
The ECG reveals:
* Regular P waves that are not consistently followed by QRS complexes
* A dissociation between the atrial (P wave) and ventricular (QRS complex) activity
* A slow ventricular rate (~40 bpm) independent of atrial rate
These findings are characteristic of a third-degree (complete) atrioventricular (AV) block, where there is no conduction of atrial impulses to the ventricles. The atria and ventricles beatindependently, and the ventricular rate is maintained by an escape rhythm, often junctional or ventricular in origin.
This correlates with the patient's symptoms (dizziness, hypotension) and bradycardia, suggesting inadequate cardiac output due to AV dissociation.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Cardiology:
"Third-degree AV block shows complete AV dissociation with independent atrial and ventricular activity. It typically presents with bradycardia and hypotension. Urgent pacing may be required." MCCQE1 Objectives (Cardiology > 34-2: Bradyarrhythmias and Conduction Disorders):
"Candidates must identify complete heart block and recognize its clinical urgency." Ruling out other options:
* A. Sinus bradycardia would show regular P waves with 1:1 P-QRS conduction.
* B. First-degree AV block has prolonged PR intervals (>200 ms) but all P waves are conducted.
* D. Junctional escape rhythm may present with bradycardia, but P waves would be absent, inverted, or occur after QRS complexes.
* E. Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) has progressively lengthening PR intervals before a dropped QRS.
質問 # 71
You are being consulted for a 79-year-old man who is about to undergo a total hip arthroplasty. His orthopedic surgeon is aware of the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease and would like your suggestions to help avoid acute postsurgical delirium. To that end, which one of the following is the most effective strategy?
正解:B
解説:
One of the strongest modifiable risk factors for postoperative delirium in older adults is exposure to anticholinergic medications (e.g., diphenhydramine, certain antidepressants). Avoiding these can reduce delirium risk.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Geriatrics, "Delirium Prevention":
"Avoid high-risk medications including anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, and narcotics if possible. Maintain orientation cues and adequate pain control." MCCQE1 Objectives (Medicine > Geriatrics > 41-1: Cognitive Impairment):
"Candidates must recognize predisposing factors for delirium and apply prevention strategies, including medication review." Opiates (B) should be used judiciously; untreated pain can also cause delirium. Cognitive screening (C) is helpful for baseline but does not prevent delirium. Benzodiazepines (D) increase delirium risk. Family involvement is actually helpful (E).
質問 # 72
You are asked to see a 50-year-old man 2 hours after he underwent a laparotomy for gastric resection. Lab results are as follows:
pH
7.28 (7.35-7.45)
PaCO#
60 mm Hg (35-40)
PaO#
60 mm Hg (85-105) with 4 L/min via nasal prongs
Bicarbonate (HCO#)
24 mmol/L (24-30)
Which one of the following is most consistent with this clinical presentation?
正解:E
解説:
This ABG reveals primary respiratory acidosis (#pH, #PaCO#, normal HCO#), likely from hypoventilation due to postoperative pain, sedation, or narcotics. PaO# is also low, suggesting inadequate oxygenation.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Respiratory, "Postoperative Respiratory Complications":
"Postoperative respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation, often due to pain, sedatives, or poor respiratory effort. Assess airway, breathing, and support oxygenation." MCCQE1 Objectives (Internal Medicine > 44-3: Acid-Base Disturbances):
"Candidates must recognize respiratory acidosis on ABG and relate findings to common postoperative complications." Metabolic acidosis (C) would show #HCO#. Compensated alkalosis (D) would show opposite ABG changes.
Hypermetabolic states increase respiratory drive, not decrease it.
質問 # 73
A 43-year-old man is referred to you for an incidental finding of elevated hemoglobin. Laboratory results are as follows:
Hemoglobin
185 g/L (130-170)
Mean corpuscular volume
92 fL (60-100)
White blood cells
7.8×1037.8×103 / L (4-10)
Platelets
250×103250×103 / L (130-400)
His BMI is 23. He has type 2 diabetes for which he takes gliclazide MR 60 mg daily. Which one of the following features on history could explain his laboratory abnormality?
正解:B
解説:
Elevated hemoglobin in the absence of polycythemia vera can be due to secondary causes such as chronic hypoxia. Central sleep apnea, often associated with diabetes or neurologic conditions, leads to intermittent hypoxia and compensatory erythropoiesis.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, "Polycythemia" Section:
"Secondary erythrocytosis may result from hypoxic conditions including sleep apnea, COPD, or high altitude.
Assess for sleep-disordered breathing in patients with elevated hemoglobin and no myeloproliferative features." MCCQE1 Objectives (Internal Medicine > 76-7: Hematologic Abnormalities):
"Candidates must investigate secondary causes of elevated hemoglobin, including hypoxia-related conditions." Hypertension (A), hypothyroidism (C), and cirrhosis (D) do not cause polycythemia. Alcohol (B) typically causes macrocytosis and anemia.
質問 # 74
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